<p>Gibraltar , located at 2505 Pennsylvania Avenue in Wilmington, Delaware, is a country estate home dating from c. 1844 that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It takes its name from the Rock of Gibraltar, alluding to the high rocky outcrop on which the house was built. It is located just inside Wilmingtons city limits and originally stood at the center of a much larger estate which has over time been reduced to the present area of about a city block in size. The house was originally built by John Rodney Brincklé and inherited by his brothers wife and children, before being bought in 1909 by Hugh Rodney Sharp, who was linked to the Du Pont family through marriage and work. Sharp expanded and remodeled the house, as well as commissioning the pioneering female landscape designer Marian Cruger Coffin to lay out the gardens.</p><br>
<p>The estate is now owned by a local preservation trust which acquired it in the 1990s after it was threatened with demolition and redevelopment. The gardens have since been restored and opened to the public. The estate was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 in recognition of its importance as a well-preserved example of the Country Place era of art and design. The mansion has not been occupied for many years and its condition has significantly deteriorated, but it is hoped that it will be restored for use as a commercial property with the proceeds going towards the continued preservation of the estate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The estate was developed around 1844 by John Rodney Brincklé, grandnephew of the first Governor of Delaware, Caesar Rodney. It was located in the western part of Wilmington just within the city limits and was named for its position on a high rocky outcrop overlooking the city, in an allusion to the Rock of Gibraltar. Brincklé was said to have built it in an unsuccessful attempt to woo a woman from Philadelphia and subsequently used it as a retreat and as a base where he could carry out horticultural experiments and entertain friends and relatives. The estate originally extended over an area of about 80 acre. Around 1848 he invited his brother Samuel with his wife and their eight children to move into the house. Samuel purchased it in May 1862 and carried out planting and landscaping works on the property. It passed to his wife Julia on his death and subsequently to their children.</p><br>
<p>The estate was purchased in 1909 by Hugh Rodney Sharp and his wife, Isabella Mathieu du Pont Sharp, a member of the Du Pont family. In 1915 it was renovated under the direction of Philadelphia architects DeArmond, Ashmead and Bickley. The house&#39;s interior decor includes Colonial Revival and Italianate architecture and contains works by Albert Ely Ives and others. Between 1916–23, the pioneering female landscape architect Marian Cruger Coffin laid out the gardens.</p><br>
<p>Sharp died in 1968 and the estate was inherited by his son, Hugh Rodney Sharp Jr., who did not share his father&#39;s interest in horticulture. By the time he died in 1990 the gardens had not been maintained for many years and were badly overgrown. The estate was put up for sale after his death but was saved from demolition after a campaign by local people and the Preservation Delaware organization. The Delaware Open Space Council bought the development rights to the property and the Sharp family donated the estate to Preservation Delaware. In 1998 the estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The listing included works of art, a house, a horticultural facility, secondary structures, and street furniture/objects. It included five contributing buildings, seven contributing structures and 48 contributing objects. The gardens were opened to the public in 1999. Access is free and is permitted daily between dawn and dusk.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is not open to the public and is in a poor condition, having stood empty for over 20 years. After Preservation Delaware acquired the estate, a conversion easement was placed on the property with the intention of refurbishing it as a 31-room hotel. The estates greenhouses were to be converted into a restaurant. An Exeter, New Hampshire company called Someplace(s) Different which operates historic hotels in the US and Canada signed an agreement to handle the conversion. However, this fell through. A few years later another company, CCS Investors of Yorklyn, Delaware, proposed to convert the mansion into commercial office space. Rent money and profits from the development would be used by Preservation Delaware to finance the buildings maintenance and restoration. The proposal was opposed by a number of the estates neighbors who were concerned about the effect on local traffic. The dispute resulted in a three-year legal battle which eventually reached the Delaware Supreme Court. On July 16, 2009 the court ruled in favor of the developers request to change the estate&#39;s zoning status from residential to commercial.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The estate occupies an area equivalent to an entire city block, surrounded by a stone wall standing 6 ft high with entrances on Pennsylvania Avenue and Greenhill Avenue. Pillars stand at each entrance, topped with stone vases decorated with carved floral ornaments. The mansion sits on an elevation which slopes gently down to the west but drops sharply away to the east, overlooking the gardens.</p><br>
<p>The core of the irregularly-shaped mansion is a three-story building facing east – the original Italianate house erected by Brincklé – with several wings added by the Sharps in the early 20th century. The wing to the north was built around 1915 to accommodate a dining room and porch, with a service annex behind. Another three-story wing was built at the same time to the west. The east porch appears to have been reduced to its present appearance and its Doric columns changed to square-section pillars. The architects for this expansion were the Philadelphia firm of De Armond, Ashmead and Bickley.</p><br>
<p>Around 1927, a two-story wing was built to the south of the core of the house to enlarge the living room and accommodate a conservatory. More alterations were made to the north elevation by Wilmington architect Albert Ely Ives, who oversaw the addition of a two- and three-story service wing with a one-story porch. The interior of the house is decorated in a variety of styles, principally Federal style, with a Greek Revival living room and a Colonial Revival library.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls are made from Brandywine granite quarried locally from a site near the estate. The roofing comprises five linked slate hip roofs with flat roofs over the southeast and northeast wings, the conservatory and the front portico. A cupola occupies the center of the main roof with a widow&#39;s walk capping it.</p><br>
<p>On the east façade, the ground floor has four symmetrically spaced windows with paneled shutters, above which are corresponding casement windows with louvered shutters on the second and third stories. The house was entered through the front portico, located on the east side, which stands one story high with columns supporting the roof of the portico.</p><br>
<p>A carriage house stands next to the mansion. Built in the 19th century, the Sharps enlarged it and converted it to house a pool and a filter room. They also added a greenhouse and garage, constructed by Pierson U-Bar Co. of New York City, which included a laundry and living quarters above the garage for their chauffeurs.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>The gardens were designed by Marian Cruger Coffin, one of the first female landscape architects in the United States, who had a lengthy track record of designing gardens on the East Coast. During the first half of the 20th century she was responsible for the design of over 130 gardens, many of which were commissioned by the Du Ponts. Hugh Rodney Sharp was related by marriage to Henry Francis du Pont, who was a long-standing friend of Coffin and may have recommended her for the task of creating the garden at Gibraltar.</p><br>
<p>Coffin laid out the gardens of Gibraltar between 1916–23, having been commissioned by the Sharps to landscape a 2 acre piece of land on the estate. She designed it in an Italianate Beaux-Arts style as a series of "rooms" to parallel the layout of the mansion. It has a strongly geometric layout profusely planted in a style reminiscent of an informal English garden. Numerous architectural and decorative elements such as fountains, statues, urns and hand-forged iron gates provide additional ornamentation. The Sharps chose the statues themselves and bought them during their travels to England, France, Italy and Hong Kong. Coffin had designed the gardens with the intention of displaying statues in particular focal points and niches, and gave the Sharps guidelines about what kind of statues to look for. She occasionally traveled with them while they were looking for pieces to buy.</p><br>
<p>The gardens are built in a series of terraces descending down the slope from the outcrop on which the house stands. From top to bottom, there is a drop of about 30 ft. A curving staircase made from marble links the house to the bottom of the terraces, descending through the Flagstone, Evergreen and Pool terraces to the Flower Garden at the bottom. The latter is planted along the lines of a color wheel in a style closely resembling that of Gertrude Jekyll. From the Flower Garden, a 200 ft long avenue of Bald Cypresses (planted between 1921–25) leads to a large fountain and a teahouse that the Sharps used for lunches and to entertain guests.</p><br>
<p>The gardens and statues were restored in 1998–99 by Rodney Robinson Landscape Architects with the support of the Sharp family, who provided the restorers with Coffins original plans from 1916. Only a few of the original trees remained but the restorers followed Coffins plans to replant the garden in its original form. The fountains, ironwork, walkways and other architectural and decorative elements were also renovated. Several of Coffin&#39;s other formal gardens have been re-created, but Gibraltar is considered to be the most accurate of the re-creations.</p><br>
<p>Lilleborg is a ruined castle in the Almindingen forest in the centre of the Danish island of Bornholm. It is situated close to the main road from Rønne to Svaneke. Of the Danish fortresses built in the 12th century, Lilleborg most closely resembles those of Saxon architectural style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The castle was probably built in the middle of the 12th century as a royal fortress. It appears to have replaced the much larger fortress of Gamleborg which was only 700 m away. The move could be explained by the fact that in 1149, three-fourths of Bornholm had been surrendered to Eskil, archbishop of Lund. As a result, King Sweyn III wanted to establish his own seat of power on the remaining fourth of the island. While it could not be compared to the archbishops Hammershus, Lilleborg was nevertheless a fine stronghold and appears to have been easier to defend than the much larger Gamleborg. There is evidence suggesting the fortress burnt down in 1259 when Prince Jaromar of Rügen stormed and destroyed the "kings stronghold" on Bornholm. However, coins minted after that date have been found, indicating it was inhabited after its storming.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Lilleborg&#39;s construction inland rather than on the coast has been compared to that of Refshaleborg on Borgø in Maribo lake. From 2006 to 2011, restoration work was carried out at Lilleborg.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>It was built on the top of a rocky hill, 16 m high and, at the time, completely surrounded by the Borresø lake. It was accessed via a wooden bridge on the south side of the hill which led to a steep path up to the fortress. Positioned away from the coast, as hill forts might be, Lilleborg was characterized as being suitable as a hiding place during sudden attacks, but not efficient for protecting the coastline.</p><br>
<p>Butler County National Bank, also known as the Lafayette Building and Butler Branch Mellon Bank, is a historic bank building located at Butler, Butler County, Pennsylvania. It is located next to the Butler County Courthouse and is considered the first "skyscraper" in Butler. It was built in 1902-1903, and is a six-story, five bay by five bay, brick and stone building in the French Renaissance Revival style. A two-story addition was built in 1929. The front entrance is placed within a curved section at the 90-degree corner facing Diamond Park. The building housed Butler&#39;s post office from 1903 to 1913. In 1992-1993, the building was rehabilitated into an apartment building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Elm Court, often referred to as Phillips Mansion, is a historic mansion located in Butler, Pennsylvania, Butler County, Pennsylvania. It was designed by noted architect Benno Janssen and built in 1929-1930. This 40-room residence is set into a hillside. The house measures 125.7 feet by 159 feet, and is built around a central courtyard. It is constructed of steel reinforced concrete and faced with limestone, marble, and slate. The house features complex slate roofs with many gables, large numbers of rectangular, oriel, and bay windows, interesting chimney treatments, and carved stone detailing reflecting the Tudor Revival style.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Benjamin D. Phillips, son of T.W. Phillips, founder of T.W. Phillips Gas & Oil Go, resided in this Tudor-Gothic mansion, noted often as "one of Americas most spectacular private homes". The house was built for $1 million in 1929. It was completed in 1931 by Benno Jannsen, a well known Pittsburgh architect. The mansion housed the famous Skinner Organ, Opus 783. Although the mansion is over 70 years old, it hasnt had many changes in ownership. Frederick R. Koch purchased the mansion in 1988 for $1 million US dollars from Dean E. Burget and his wife, Undine Phillips Burget, who was born there. The Burgets bought the mansion in 1978</p><br>
<p>Passavant House is a historic home located at Zelienople, Butler County, Pennsylvania. The oldest house in Zelienople now serves as a museum, library, and headquarters for the Zelienople Historical Society. Its name reflects the Passavant family, the most famous of whom was Rev. William Passavant  born in the house. The interior now features a large collection of furniture, clothing, personal and household items, particularly of the Passavant family, dating back to the early 1800s.</p><br>
<p>The simple 2 1/2-story, three-bay by two-bay, brick dwelling on a sandstone foundation was built in 1809, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. A two-story frame addition was added to the rear about 1820. A two-story bay window and porch were added in 1915.</p><br>
<p>Saxonburg Historic District is a national historic district located at Saxonburg, Butler County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 54 contributing buildings and 2 contributing objects in the central business district and surrounding residential area of Saxonburg. It includes residential, commercial, and institutional buildings built between 1831 and 1952 in a number of popular architectural styles including Greek Revival and Gothic Revival. The original town was laid out in 1831 by noted civil engineer John A. Roebling. Notable buildings include the Helmbold House, Hotel Saxonburg, Kuntz-Steubgen House, Maurhoff Building, Kornfelder Building, St. Luke&#39;s Lutheran Church, and the Memorial United Presbyterian Church. Located in the district and listed separately is the John Roebling House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 70% of the resources in the district pre-date 1900, 20% of the resources were constructed between 1900 and 1930, and the remaining 10% post-date 1930. Approximately eighty percent of the buildings are of a residential character; the balance are of a commercial or institutional character.</p><br>
<p>Butler Historic District is a national historic district located at Butler, Butler County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 128 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 4 contributing objects in the central business district of Butler. It includes primarily commercial and institutional buildings, with some residential buildings, built between about 1828 and 1952 in a number of popular architectural styles including Late Victorian. Notable buildings include the City Hall, former USA Post Office , Koch Building , T.W. Phillips Co. Office Building, Masonic Temple , Butler High School , Butler YMCA , Butler YMCA , First Evangelical Lutheran Church , St. Andrews United Presbyterian Church , John Quincy Adams Kennedy House , St. Marks Evangelical Lutheran Church and School , First Baptist Church , St. Pauls Roman Catholic Church , and Butler Savings and Trust . The contributing site is the Diamond, that contains the contributing objects including the Soldiers and Sailors Monument . Located in the district and listed separately are the Butler County National Bank, the Sen. Walter Lowrie House, and the Butler County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Petermann Ranges are a mountain range in central Australia. They run 320 km across the border between Western Australia and the southwest corner of the Northern Territory.</p><br>
<p>Their highest point is 1,158 m above sea level. The range was formed about 550 million years ago during the Petermann Orogeny. The existing geological research has broadly determined that the Petermann Ranges were equivalent in height to the Himalayas.</p><br>
<p>The Petermanns were named for the geographer August Heinrich Petermann by Ernest Giles, the first European explorer to visit the area, and are commonly associated with the Rawlinson Ranges, nearby to the west. The area was included in the Katiti-Petermann Indigenous Protected Area in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>There are only one or two geology oriented documentaries that trace Uluru and Kata Tjuta&#39;s origins with the Australian Petermann Ranges. The Time Traveller&#39;s Guide To Australia in 2012 produced by the ABC and essential media is possibly the first documentary to make the connection with reasonable clarity.</p><br>
<p>Qasr el Banat is an ancient temple situated 1.5 km east of Chlifa in the Baalbek District of the Beqaa Governorate in Lebanon. It is believed the site was called the castle of virgins and was the residence of virgins in Roman times.</p><br>
<p>George F. Taylor classified Qasr el Banat among a group of Temples of the Beqaa Valley. It is suggested to date to Ancient Roman, Ancient Greek eras or earlier. The temple is located on a rocky plateau, accessible by a climb up a hill. The top of the hill is covered in various platforms, cisterns, tanks and steps that have been carved out of solid bedrock. Within the remains is a small antae temple, constructed of large square blocks that was used as a fortress in later times. Some sections remain intact built up two or three layers high. A basilica from a later period was built alongside the temple.</p><br>
<p>There are two circular structures located around 100 m southeast of the temple that are thought to have been examples of</p><br>
<p>the high places referenced in the Bible.</p><br>
<p>Lake Mariam is roughly oval in shape and is on the northeast side of Winter Haven, Florida. The Polk County Water Atlas says sometimes the lake is known as Lake Marion, but a different Lake Marion is also in Polk County, Florida, where Lake Mariam is located. It has a surface area of 200 acre and is bordered on the west side, most of the south side and part of the north side by residential areas. Brandywine Health Care Center, a nursing home, is a block north of the lake. On the northwest and southwest Lake Mariam is bordered by woods and on most of the east side of the lake are woods and pastureland. On the lake&#39;s southeast side is a swampy area.</p><br>
<p>There are no public swimming areas on Lake Mariam, but a public boat ramp is on the lake&#39;s north side, to the back side of Brandywine Health Care Center. Boating and fishing are allowed. The public may fish near the boat ramp or by boat. The Hook and Bullet website says the lake contains largemouth bass, bluegill and crappie.</p><br>
<p>Coney Island or Inishmulclohy, in County Sligo, Ireland, is one of several islands of the same name off the coast of Ireland. It is an island of approximately 400 acres and is named after the vast quantity of rabbits which can be spotted on the island at any time  is an English word for a rabbit or rabbit hair, deriving from the Latin cuniculus, meaning "rabbit").</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1862 the island had a population of 124 people, with 45 children attending the local school. The island now has only one family of permanent inhabitants (traceable back to the 1750s) but has many other temporary residents, especially in the summer months. The island gained electricity in 1999 via an underground cable.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Visitors to Coney Island like to frequent the local pub, spot the faerie ring and Napoleonic star shaped forts, visit Carty’s strand (the secluded beach to the rear of the island) for a swim or walk around the island to spot rabbits or the schoolhouse and other famine structures which remain.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>There are also stories of faeries, mermaids and spirits on Coney Island, and visitors can try to find the elusive St. Patricks wishing chair, St. Patricks well, the remains of a washed up whale and some fairy forts.</p><br>
<p>In the last century the merchant ship “Arethusa” used to sail between Sligo and New York City. The captain of the ship, observing many rabbits on the New York island, apparently then named Coney Island, New York, after his own Coney Island in Sligo Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Coney Island is accessible by boat from Rosses Point, or by driving or walking over the causeway, two and a half kilometers across Cummeen Strand, guided by 14 pillars, at low tide. The bollards were constructed in the mid-1800s, lining up with the Black Rock lighthouse, to aid in night time travel across the bay. A spate of drowning tragedies in the 1800s, including that of the then owner of the island, William Dorrin, in 1823, prompted the construction of the bollards.</p><br>
<p>83-85 Sigourney Street in Hartford, Connecticut was an Italianate style double brick house. Built in 1865, it was the oldest surviving residential building on the southern part of Sigourney Street in the city&#39;s Asylum Hill neighborhood. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, A modern building, housing the former Connecticut Culinary Institute, now stands at 85 Sigourney Street</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>83-85 Sigourney Street stood on the west side of Sigourney Street, a busy north-south artery west of Downtown Hartford, across the street from the main headquarters of Aetna Insurance Company. As described in 1979, it stood alone, surrounded by parking lots of the insurance company. It was a brick building, three stories in height, with a flat roof. Its front facade was four bays wide, with its ground floor altered in the 20th century for commercial use and lacking significant ornament. The surviving first and second floor windows were set in rectangular openings with stone sills and lintels, the lintels on the front facade peaked. Windows on the third floor were set in segmented-arch openings.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built in about 1865. This type of house was at one time fairly common in the city, although few of them were built in Asylum Hill, an upper-class neighborhood area at the time. This house was the last of its type in Asylum Hill; it was demolished some time after its listing on the National Register in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Frogmore Plantation Complex, located on Saint Helena Island, in Beaufort County, South Carolina, is significant for several reasons. First, the plantation home, along with its contributing properties , offers an excellent example of the area’s architectural development from 1790-1920. Second, the plantation’s long association with prominent families contributes to its significance. The plantation was first owned by Lieutenant Governor William Bull, who then willed it to his son in 1750.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, the house was purchased by two northern missionaries—Miss Towne and Miss Murrary—who founded the historic Penn School, located within the Penn Center. The Frogmore Plantation Complex was listed in the National Historic Register on May 26, 1989.</p><br>
<p>White Horse Tavern, also known as the White Horse Inn and Old Swanenburg Farm, is a historic inn and tavern located in East Whiteland Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The building consists of two sections. The original section dates to about 1750, and is a two-story, stuccoed stone structure. The western section was added about 1790. Located at mile marker 24 on the Old Lancaster Road, it was an overnight stop on the first stage from Philadelphia to Lancaster. General George Washington used the older part as his headquarters following the Battle of Brandywine and during the aborted "Battle of the Clouds." It was also an important stop for Washington&#39;s messenger from Valley Forge to Lancaster, when the latter served as the temporary USA capital.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Qasr al-Banat, Girls castle or Palace of the Ladies, are a set of brick ruins of a residence dating from 12th century in the Syrian city of Raqqa.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The building is located in the former fortified town, about 150 m west of the eastern wall and 400 m north of the Baghdad Gate. When in the 1970s the modern city began to expand rapidly, the entire historic area was overbuilt. The archaeological complex at Qasr al-Banat was urbanized with new housing so that only an open space of 80 m wide and 200 m long remained.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Roman-Byzantine city of Callinicum was conquered by the Arabs in 639 CE and renamed Raqqa ("the flood plain"). The Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 723–743) is said by medieval sources to have built two palaces nearby. The Abbasid Caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775), later called the city ar-Rafiqa ("the partner") and used it as a fortress against the Byzantines, building and attaching horseshoe-shaped walls on the straight side of the south wall that runs parallel to the former river bed of the Euphrates. Ar-Rafiqa became the residence of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809). He set up a palace outside the city walls in the northeast. After this period, a renovation was carried out in 1165/66 under Nur ad-Din Mahmud.</p><br>
<p>By 1900, the ruins of Raqqa were repeatedly examined and documented by the likes of Ernst Herzfeld, who along with Friedrich Sarre conducted an Archaeological Survey of Mesopotamia between the Euphrates and the Tigris in 1907. They explored Raqqa in detail and a little later, in 1909, Gertrude Bell also visited the site, then largely an uninhabited ruins.</p><br>
<h2>Style</h2><br>
<p>The building is composed of various vaulted halls that lead to a central courtyard in Ayyubid ornamental form. The building&#39;s construction is of Iranian origin and was very rare in 12th Century Syria. The well under Nur ad-Din in Damascus displays a similar form, which was widespread in Iran in mosques, palaces and sarays, in the center of their complexes.</p><br>
<p>The northern main hall fills the entire width of the courtyard divided into a three aisles. Surrounding it are a total of 41 irregular rooms that are not symmetrical. From 1977 to 1982 Kassem Toueir excavated and rebuilt the site for the Syrian Department of Antiquities. The walls and arches now visible are mainly reconstructed from newly fired bricks. One original diagonal wall segment remains, with a three-storey stucco, where the various remains of the past are superimposed on the modern, with some ancient Muqarnas and stepped arched niches still recognisable. When Friedrich Sarre and Ernst Herzfeld visited the site in 1907, followed by Gertrude Bell in 1910, they found this part of the building as a single upright on an otherwise flat ruin.</p><br>
<p>The area is fenced and is normally closed, but visible from all sides.</p><br>
<p>The Evangelistas Islets  comprise a group of four small, rocky islands lying on the Chilean continental shelf, some 30 km north-west of the western entrance to the Strait of Magellan, in the south-eastern Pacific Ocean, facing the full force of the "Furious Fifties". They come under the jurisdiction of the Chilean Navy which operates the Chilean Maritime Signalling Service and has maintained a presence there since the establishment of the Evangelistas Lighthouse in 1896 by Scottish engineer George Henry Slight.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The largest of the group is Evangelistas Grande which is about 400 m long and wide, reaches a height of 60 m and supports the lighthouse. The other, uninhabited, islets are Elcano 300 x, Lobos 400 x, and Pan de Azúcar 200 x. They are mainly bare rock with steep cliffs on their western sides and are exposed to strong winds and rough seas. Lobos and Elcano are home to breeding colonies of black-browed albatrosses with a combined estimate of 4670 pairs recorded in a 13 October 2002 aerial survey.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Pyramid Mound, designated 12k14, is a locally important archaeological site at the city of Vincennes in the southwestern part of the USA state of Indiana. Located on the citys edge, this substantial loess hill bears evidence of prehistoric occupation, and it is a landmark to the citys contemporary residents.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological work</h2><br>
<p>A survey conducted by the Illinois State Museum in the early 1960s demonstrate that the region surrounding Vincennes was the homeland of a Mississippian group of people known as the Vincennes culture.</p><br>
<p>Based upon the published results of the 1874 Smithsonian survey, an amateur antiquarian writing in the 1890s remarked on the relationship of Pyramid Mound to larger archaeological sites in the east central United States. Besides proposing that it was related to the large geometric earthworks that the Hopewell built in Ohio, he suggested that Pyramid and several other mounds near Vincennes marked the northeastern boundary of a confederacy that was centered at the Mississippian city of Cahokia near St. Louis, Missouri, although he appeared not to understand the substantial cultural differences between the two peoples of "Mound Builders." Two different histories of Vincennes and its vicinity, published in 1886 and 1911, regarded Pyramid Mound and the other nearby flat-topped mounds as evidence of prehistoric religious sites comparable to the pyramids of the Aztecs in Mexico City.</p><br>
<p>Later archaeological work, conducted by professionals in the late twentieth century, has largely discounted earlier conclusions. Accounts published in the 1970s and 1998 concluded that Pyramid and comparable sites nearby were actually natural loess hills that Indians of the Woodland period chose to use as cemeteries. Contributing to this conclusion is the fact that these hills are consistently of similar sizes, composed of the same sorts of soil, located on the eastern edge of the Wabash River valley, and shaped to be in line with the prevailing winds. Consequently, although these hills are definitely shaped like artificial burial mounds and consistently called "mounds", they are not truly mounds of any sort.</p><br>
<h2>Protection</h2><br>
<p>Despite its natural origins, Pyramid Mound is an important archaeological site, and because of its archaeological importance, the "mound" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Depot is the historic Baltimore & Ohio Railroad depot which served Flora, Illinois. The depot was built from 1916 to 1917 by Frank Nichols; its design features several architectural styles, including Italian Renaissance Revival, Romanesque Revival, and Classical Revival. After the depot opened, the B&O Railroad became the largest employer in Flora, employing approximately half of the towns population through the mid-1920s, and was credited with the towns growth and economic success. The B&O also sponsored community groups such as a band and baseball teams. Passenger service to the station ended in 1973, and the empty station is now surrounded by vacant lots. The depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 20, 1998.</p><br>
<p>Union Church is a historic non-denominational church located 2.5 mi southeast of Oreana in Macon County, Illinois. The white frame church was built in 1876; its design incorporates elements of the Greek Revival and Italianate styles. In addition to religious services, the church also hosted a school, Temperance Union meetings, and Christmas and New Years parties. The church has a functional pump organ from 1879, which was originally purchased for the Temperance Union. A cemetery is adjacent to the church; its first burial dates to 1842. In 1936, the churchs congregation discontinued religious services; since then, the building has been used only for weddings and an annual Memorial Day celebration. The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 23, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The stately Charles Hammond House, located at 908 Martintown Road, North Augusta, South Carolina, was built on a bluff overlooking the beautiful Savannah River between other Hammond plantations, New Richmond and Snow Hill. Also currently on the property is a guest house and barn. A family cemetery is located adjacent to the home.</p><br>
<p>Dating from the Revolutionary War era, the columned Greek Revival home is thought to be the oldest residence in North Augusta, South Carolina. The home was built for Charles and Elizabeth Steele Hammond, prosperous planters who came to South Carolina from Farnham Parish, Richmond County, Virginia in the 1770s. Martin Hammond, the progenitor of the Hammond family in South Carolina, arrived in Virginia from London prior to 1636.</p><br>
<p>The Hammonds were Patriots, and Charles and his sons served in the Revolutionary War. Also on the property is a granite monument in the shape of a pyramid which commemorates several of the Hammond family members who were Revolutionary War heroes.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Hammond House exemplifies a typical architectural trend of nineteenth century South Carolina that turned plain eighteenth century houses into fashionable, columned Greek Revival influenced houses. The house was originally a two-story pine clapboard structure existing from ca. 1775-1780. Also, on the property was a cellar as well as out-buildings including a kitchen and smoke house.</p><br>
<p>Additions to the home in 1830 included front and side porches, an extension of the back porch, and a rear wing, producing an L-shape appearance. The house has a pipe stem chimney, unusual for the area. Of the three porches, those on the east and south are both two-story with four square paneled columns. The wench and pulley that was used to haul the heavy wooden beams and planks up for the second floor is still in the roof of the porch today.</p><br>
<p>Also in 1830, an English gardener landscaped a formal garden for the front and side yards. A brick path was created, magnolia trees were planted, and the cedar lined entrance drive was created.</p><br>
<p>Listed in the National Register October 2, 1973. The Charles Hammond House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 2, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Willcox’s, located in Aiken, South Carolina, US, was an internationally known inn during the Aiken Winter Colony heyday. Operated from 1898 to 1957 by members of the Willcox family, the still-magnificent building reflects the influence of both Second Empire and Colonial Revival styles of architecture. The plan of the building is irregular in shape, consisting of a central block with asymmetrical wings. Of Aiken&#39;s once famous resort hostelries, only Willcox’s is still standing. The landmark property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places March 19, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1891 the Englishman Frederick Willcox, his Swedish wife Elise Wellborn, and their two sons, Frederick and Albert came to Aiken.</p><br>
<p>The family built a house on the northwest corner of Chesterfield Street and Colleton Avenue and established a catering company in their home. Elise soon became renowned for her preparation of fine foods and the business was heavily patronized by Aiken “Winter Colony” families, fabulously wealthy founders and heirs to the fortunes made during the American Industrial Revolution.</p><br>
<h3>Highland Park Hotel fire</h3><br>
<p>At about this same time, in 1898, the first Highland Park Hotel burned. It had been a notable structure that housed many winter colonists who had not yet built a “cottage” in Aiken. (A mansion in any other sense, Winter Colony “cottages” were the second or third homes of families who had great estates on Long Island, Park Avenue in Manhattan and other wealthy enclaves in the Eastern United States.</p><br>
<p>On the loss of the hotel, Mrs. Thomas (Louise) Hitchcock persuaded the Willcoxes to open a small hotel and in 1900 it welcomed its first guests. It expanded in 1906 by incorporating an adjacent two story house into the hotel. A further expansion in 1928 An increasing demand for accommodations led Willcox to add to the inn in 1906, when an adjacent two-story house at Colleton Avenue and Newberry Street became part of the hotel. In 1928, a further expansion and renovation to the west wing brought the hotel to its current appearance.</p><br>
<p>When Frederick died in 1924, his son Albert (Bert) Willcox managed the inn until it closed in 1957.</p><br>
<h3>World War II</h3><br>
<p>With World War II travel restrictions in the early 1940s, The Willcox fell on hard times and closed in the early 1950s. It was sold at auction in 1957 and over the following 20 years was sporadically repaired, but remained boarded until its renovation and reopening in 1985 as The Willcox Inn.</p><br>
<p>In a history of St. Thaddeus Episcopal Church by Mac McClearen and Owen Sheetz, it is written, “The famous old Willcox Inn drew its guest list from diplomats, society leaders, visiting European royalty, wealthy sportsmen and members of the entertainment world. The Winston Churchills visited; Count and Countess Bernadotte of Sweden spent their honeymoon at the Willcox, John Jacob Astor, Evelyn Walsh McLean (owner of the Hope diamond), makeup queen Elizabeth Arden, singer Andy Williams, dancer Irene Castle, Doris Duke, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Bing Crosby – all came to the Willcox to enjoy the leisurely life that Aiken had to offer. “</p><br>
<h3>The Willcox today</h3><br>
<p>In 2000 the hotel was purchased by the Garrett Hotel Group and reopened in 2002 as The Willcox. In 2009 the ownership changed when restaurateurs Geoffrey & Shannon Ellis purchased The Willcox.</p><br>
<p>The Willcox has become one of South Carolina&#39;s most luxurious small hotels. In 2016 it was ranked by Travel + Leisure as the 7th best hotel in the world and the best in the South. In addition to rooms, the hotel features a restaurant, bar, spa, horse boarding and rents nearby houses for vacation rentals. It also offers vacation packages which include horseback riding, golf, polo and trap and skeet shooting.</p><br>
<p>The Lambrite–Iles–Petersen House is an historic home located in the Hamburg Historic District in Davenport, Iowa, United States. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The house is named for three of its early owners: Joseph Lambrite, a lumber mill owner who built the house, Dr. Thomas Iles, a physician, and John H.C. Petersen, who founded Davenport’s largest department store that grew to become Von Maur.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lambrite–Iles–Petersen House was designed by one of Davenport’s first professional architects John C. Cochrane, and it was built in 1856. Soon after the house was built Lambrite lost everything in the Panic of 1857. Several other people owned the house until it was purchased by Thomas Iles around 1863. The Petersen family retained ownership of the house for ten years, selling it to Joseph Schick in 1920. Schick added craftsman style porches and built a craftsman style bungalow on the west lawn in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The house was eventually turned into apartments until co-owners Gordon Muller and Dean Christensen restored the house in the mid-1970s. Since that time, maintenance on the house has been neglected and it was declared uninhabited by the city in 2010. Its local landmark status recognizes its significance, history and assists the citys historic preservation commission if it decides to intervene on the structures behalf. The house was added to Iowa&#39;s most endangered properties list in 2013. In May 2014 the city of Davenport began the process of condemning the house. It was the first time the city has attempted to save an abandoned house through condemnation.</p><br>
<h2>Joseph Lambrite</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Lambrite was a partner in Davenport’s largest sawmill, a major industry in the city&#39;s early history. The mill was located on the Mississippi River between Scott and Ripley Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Thomas Jefferson Iles</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Iles was a physician in Midway, Kentucky. He married Maria Louisa Nuckols and together they had eight children, seven boys and a girl. In 1862 the family moved to Davenport. He served as the chief surgeon of the Civil War Confederate prison camp located at the Rock Island Arsenal. Iles became a prominent doctor in Davenport after the war, and he owned the house until his death.</p><br>
<h2>John H.C. Petersen</h2><br>
<p>John H. C. Petersen was born in Schleswig in present-day Germany and went to school until he was 16 when he was apprenticed to a dry-goods seller. Petersen married Johanna Elsbeth Hansen in 1844 and they had ten children together. The family immigrated to the United States in 1860 and settled in Scott County, Iowa where he initially worked as a farm hand. Two years later he began his mercantile career. For the first few years he had a partner, to whom he later sold his interest in the business. In 1872 he established the business by which he would be known for the rest of his life. The J.H.C. Petersens Sons Store was located at 219 Second Street. As the business grew he added the building at 220 Second Street and then later 217-217½ Second Street. The store became one of the foremost mercantile establishments in Davenport. In 1916 it was sold to Charles J. von Maur, R.H. Harned, and Cable von Maur, who owned their own store. The two stores were merged into a new store named Petersen Harned Von Maur in 1928. In 1989 the store’s name was shortened to Von Maur.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building, Treasure Island, on Treasure Island, California, is a Moderne style building designed by William Peyton Day and George William Kelham that was built in 1938. It has also been known as Building 1, as Command Naval Base San Francisco Headquarters, and as Naval Station Treasure Island. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The building housed a museum until 1997. In 2011, San Francisco purchased Treasure Island from the USA Navy and there are plans to reopen the museum as part of a redevelopment project.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Administration Building served as the "Berlin Airport" in the popular 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.</p><br>
<p>Duffys Peak is a small hill or butte near the Salt Fork Brazos River in Garza County, Texas. Duffys Peak extends less than 50 ft above the river, yet despite its small size, it served as an important landmark for early surveyors of the region and is said to be named for a member of the original survey team who died and was buried nearby in the late 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Duffys Peak is located in the rolling plains to the south and east of the Caprock Escarpment of the Llano Estacado. The soils of the area are moderately deep silt loams that support mesquite, yucca, cacti, and grasses. The local terrain is eroded, cut by highly intermittent streams such as the Salt Fork Brazos River, and its tributaries, such as McDonald Creek and Lake Creek. These streams typically flow only during periods of heavy rainfall, when flash floods sweep through the area. The erosionally resistant sandstones of the peaks cap have protected underlying soils that have remained intact, while surrounding sediments have eroded away. As a result of this process, Duffy&#39;s Peak now stands out as a small but relatively prominent landmark that can be seen from a significant distance.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, the Texas Historical Commission erected a historical marker for Duffy&#39;s Peak along Texas State Highway 207.</p><br>
<p>Kvåsefjorden is an approximately 8 km long fjord which forms the outer county boundary between Aust-Agder and Vest-Agder, Norway. It also forms part of the border between the municipalities of Lillesand and Kristiansand. The district of Randesund lies on the west side of the fjord in Kristiansand.</p><br>
<p>The fjord empties into the Skagerrak at Meholmen near Ulvøysund, which is considered to be the western starting point of the Blindleia strait. Blindleia is the inner shipping route along the coast of Lillesand. The smaller Isefjærfjorden is a branch off the main Kvåsefjorden. Kvåsefjorden can sometimes be harsh and difficult to cross with small boats, because it is wide open to the Skagerrak and there is no archipelago to protect it unlike in the nearby Blindleia.</p><br>
<p>The Boone-Douthit House is located on the outskirts of Pendleton, South Carolina. The house is an excellent example of how an “upstate”  South Carolina plantation house has been expanded as its occupant’s needs changed over time, and/or as the occupants pursued other interests. In addition to the main home, the site also includes a large barn, a secondary house, a building that may have once served as a doctor’s office, a small storage building, and another small building that may have been used for silkworm culture, all of which contribute to the site’s historical significance. The house is thought to have been constructed around 1849.</p><br>
<p>A site visit in 2012 confirmed that much impressive restoration has recently taken place. Limited views of this historic landmark are available from the public highway.</p><br>
<p>The Boone-Douthit House was listed in the National Register on July 3, 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Samuel Marshall Orr House, is located in Anderson, South Carolina. The house was built in 1885 and offers a number of impressive architectural features. The two-story Greek Revival style house features a front façade of four columns that support a broad, plain entablature with low-sloped, boxed cornice pediment. The cornices of the hipped tin-covered roof, pediments, and shed roofs of side porches are adorned with modillions. The main entrance consists of double doors surrounded by a three-light transom, four-light rectangular sidelights, and a pilaster molding that supports a paneled entablature. Directly above the main entrance a double casement window flanked by single casements opens onto a small balcony with a wooden balustrade. Dr. Orr practiced medicine in Anderson for 25 years, and was active in the community. The house was listed in the National Register on April 13, 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Addaura cave  is a complex of three natural grottoes located on the northeast side of Mount Pellegrino in Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy. The importance of the complex is due to the presence of cave-wall engravings dated to the late Epigravettian  and the Mesolithic.</p><br>
<p>On the side of Mount Pellegrino, overlooking Palermo, to the southeast of Mondello beach at 70 m above sea level, there are some open grottoes and cavities where bones and tools used for hunting have been found, attesting the presence of humans who lived in them beginning in the Paleolithic and into the Mesolithic. The finds are now conserved in Palermos Regional Archaeological Museum. Their importance is mainly due to the presence of an extraordinary complex of rock engravings that decorate the walls, constituting a unique case in the panorama of prehistoric cave art. The name Addaura comes from الدورة, the circuit&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The discovery of the graffiti of Addaura was recent and came about quite casually. The three grottoes that make up the Addaura complex in the massif of Mount Pellegrino had already been studied by paleoanthropologists, as the skeleton of a dwarf elephant had been discovered there.</p><br>
<p>It was after the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily and their arrival in Palermo that the Allies, in search of a suitable site, decided to use the grottoes for storing munitions and explosives. The accidental explosion of the arsenal at the end of the war brought about the crumbling of the main grotto walls and the collapse of a rock wall, bringing to light the graffiti covered with the patina of time. The graffiti were carefully studied by the archaeologist Jole Bovio Marconi, whose studies were published in 1953.</p><br>
<p>Since 1997 the Addaura grottoes are no longer open for visitors; the site was closed because of the danger of falling boulders, due to the instability of the rocky ridge above., the necessary measures to reinforce the ridge have not been implemented, and the site is in a state of decay from vandalism.</p><br>
<h2>The rock carvings</h2><br>
<p>In one of the grottoes is found a vast and rich complex of carvings, dated between the late Epigravettian and the Mesolithic, depicting men and animals. Amid a large group of bovids, wild horses, and deer, there is represented a scene dominated by the presence of human figures: a group of characters, arranged in a circle, surrounding two central figures with their heads covered and their bodies strongly arched back. The most conflicting hypotheses have been put forward on the question of the identity of these two characters and the significance of their position inside the group. According to some scholars, it might show acrobats caught in the act of playing games that require a particular ability. According to others there is depicted the scene of a ritual that called for the sacrifice of two persons guided by a shaman. To bear out this interpretation, there has been pointed out the presence around the necks and at the sides of the characters of cords that force their bodies into an unnatural and painful backbend. Perhaps it is a ritual that calls for self-strangulation, something that is attested in other cultures. In line with this explanation, the two masked figures around the two sacrificed characters would be shamans attending an initiation ceremony. Other scholars, including the discoverer Jole Bovio Marconi herself, have read the two male figures as a homoerotic image.</p><br>
<p>The Addaura carvings represent a figurative cycle of the greatest interest because of the unusual attention dedicated to representation of the surrounding scenery, an extreme case in all of paleolithic art. The treatment of the human figure, even within the context of a stylistic trend present in the Mediterranean basin, especially on Levanzo (Grotta del Genovese), and in the Franco-Cantabrian region, and even though using the same techniques, is something absolutely new as to stylistic forms and spirit in the Addaura grotto, compared to the other finds.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Theater is a historic theater building in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, which is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. The Art Deco theater building opened on October 26, 1935, and the marquee proclaimed it the "Incomparable Showcase of the Northwest". The theater, designed by architects Jack Liebenberg and Seeman Kaplan, had a generous budget that allowed for elaborate decoration in the Streamline Deco style of design; its facade and structure made a "powerful statement of geometric mass punctuated by the entrance, exits, and three small windows that served the projection booth." Liebenberg and Kaplan went on to design the Riverview Theatre in Minneapolis and the Terrace Theatre in Robbinsdale. Much of the interior features are influenced by the Zig-Zag Moderne and Streamline Moderne styles. The exterior is built of smooth Kasota limestone with vertical lines that transition to horizontal.</p><br>
<p>Although the theater was praised as "the Twin Cities&#39; most beautiful and modern neighborhood theatre" it was not financially successful. It went through a series of ownership changes until it closed in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The theater was designated as a local landmark by the Minneapolis Heritage Preservation Commission in 1990. It was unable to compete with video stores and multiplexes. Despite the historic designation, a number of development proposals for the property have fizzled since its closing. A 1989 proposal hinted at converting the theater into fourteen apartments, and another proposal in 1989 included converting the building to a photograph and film production studio. The Minneapolis Community Development Agency bought the theater in 1993. In 1998, they considered proposals for reuse, such as a full restoration, a partial rehabilitation such as the lobby area, or completely demolishing the theater. At the time, concerns included deterioration of the brick walls and water in the basement. In 2009, the city bought an adjacent property and cleared it to provide extra space for parking or related development. In 2015, the property was sold to a developer with plans to renovate it into office space while retaining the building&#39;s historic character.</p><br>
<p>The rehab has begun we have repaired the green panels by olson sheet metal the stone and tuck pointing exterior is completed.</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Theater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 5, 2014. It was considered notable for its Streamline Moderne design by prominent theater architects Liebenberg & Kaplan and its association with the growth of locally owned, streetcar-accessible neighborhood cinemas during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>The Northwestern National Life Insurance Company Home Office, also known as the Loring Park Office Building, is an office building located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was designed by the architecture firm of Hewitt and Brown in the Beaux-Arts style. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building faces Loring Park on the north and is surrounded by residential buildings to the south, St. Marks Episcopal Cathedral to the west, and the Womans Club of Minneapolis on the east. It has a reinforced concrete structure and is faced with gray Bedford limestone and brick. The front entrance has a Palladian loggia style, with a tall archway flanked by Ionic columns and a porch behind it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building is significant for its architecture and also for its role in the commerce of Minnesota. The company was established in 1885, and was originally named the "Northwestern Aid Association". It became the Northwestern Life Association in 1888. In 1901 the companys president, William Frank Bechtel, merged the Northwestern Life Association and the National Mutual Life Association into the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company. It was the second-largest life insurance company in the American Midwest after the Northwestern Mutual company in Milwaukee. The company built a headquarters building at 11th and Nicollet, combined with an auditorium for public use, in 1905. As the company grew, though, that building was no longer large enough for its staff or for efficient operations. The company accepted a purchase offer in December 1919 for its Nicollet Avenue property, and in 1920, they purchased three lots near Loring Park. In August 1922 the board of directors authorized construction of the headquarters. They searched for a suitable architect, and contracted with the firm of Hewitt & Brown. Hewitt & Brown had designed two nearby buildings: St. Marks Episcopal Cathedral and the Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church a block away. Plans were approved in January 1923, with revisions continuing through September of that year. The site had an odd shape because of the street intersection on which it faced, and Hewitt considered it an "interesting problem". He chose the terrace and the loggia as a solution to the grade on which the building faced, and it gave the building a monumental effect. Ground was broken for the building on March 1, 1923. Construction was finished the next year, with the first tenants moving in in January 1924 and with the move complete on March 15, 1924.</p><br>
<p>The company&#39;s growth accelerated during and after World War II. In 1946 the office building was completely full, so they built an annex onto their Oak Grove location. The company continued to expand, though, so in 1949 they purchased land on the east side of Lake Calhoun between 35th and 36th Streets South. The neighborhood objected to the possibility of a business locating in a residential area, though. The company continued to expand, so by December 1964, the staff had employees scattered across five locations. Meanwhile, competing companies and other businesses in Downtown Minneapolis were moving to the edges of downtown or to the suburbs as downtown deteriorated. The city demolished 40% of the Gateway District in an urban renewal project. Northwestern National Life announced plans to build their new headquarters in the Gateway District at the intersection of Hennepin, Nicollet, and Washington Avenues. The new Northwestern National Life Building was designed by Minoru Yamasaki and was opened in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Loring Park building was renamed the "Loring Park Office Building" in 1966 and was subdivided to house a number of businesses.</p><br>
<p>Moses Coates Jr. Farm, also known as Meadow Brook Farm, is a historic home and farm located in Schuylkill Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The house is a -story, ell-shaped, stuccoed stone structure with a gable roof. The oldest section dates to about 1754, as a two-story, six-bay two room over two room house in the Georgian style. About 1800, a three-bay section was added. An addition expansion was in 1896, and the house reconstructed in 1933 for use as a clubhouse, at which time the property was converted to a 9-hole golf course. Also on the property are a contributing bank barn, carriage house, and two spring houses. During the American Revolution the house served as officer&#39;s quarters for American officers in late-1777 and early-1778 during the encampment at Valley Forge.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Moore Hall, also known as the William Moore House, is a historic home located in Schuylkill Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The house dates back to about 1722, and is a -story, five-bay by three-bay, fieldstone dwelling in the Georgian style. It has a gable roof, two-story rear kitchen wing and sun porch. It was restored in the late-1930s. During the American Revolution the house served as headquarters for Col. Clement Biddle in late-1777 and early-1778, during the encampment at Valley Forge. At that time, a committee of congress met at Moore Hall for three months and there decided that Gen. George Washington should serve as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. At the turn of the 20th century, the house was the summer home for Pennsylvania Gov. Samuel W. Pennypacker.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Squire Cheyney Farm is a historic farm and national historic district located in Thornbury Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. The district encompasses two contributing buildings, three contributing sites, one contributing structure, and contributing object. They are the farmhouse, barn , ruins of a granary, remains of an ice house, a spring house , stone retaining wall, and family cemetery . The house was built in four periods, with the oldest dated to about 1797. The oldest section is a 2 1/s-story, three bay, stuccoed stone structure with a gable roof. The additions were built about 1815, about 1830, and about 1850, making it a seven-bay-wide dwelling. It is "L"-shaped and has a slate gable roof. During the American Revolution, Thomas "Squire" Cheyney informed General George Washington during the Battle of Brandywine that the British were flanking him to the north. He was later appointed to the Pennsylvania Ratifying Convention to ratify the United States Constitution. The site is now a township park known as Squire Cheyney Farm Park.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The California Quadrangle, California Building, and California Tower are historic structures located in Balboa Park in San Diego, California. They were built for the 1915&ndash;16 Panama-California Exposition and served as the grand entry to the Expo. The buildings and courtyard were designed by noted architect Bertram Goodhue. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 17, 1974. They now house the San Diego Museum of Man.</p><br>
<p>The Quadrangle includes the California Building and Tower on the north side, and Evernham Hall and the St. Francis Chapel on the south side. Between them is an open space linked by arcaded passageways and massive arched gateways to form the Plaza de California. The original Balboa Park Administration Building (now the Gill Administration Building) lies just outside the Quadrangle, adjacent to and west of the California Building. Unlike most of the exhibits at the Expo, the Quadrangle buildings were intended to be permanent.</p><br>
<p>The Plaza de California is the main entryway to Balboa Park, approached over the Cabrillo Bridge. That entry is currently a two-lane road providing vehicle access to the park. The city approved plans to divert vehicle traffic away from the Plaza de California and restore it as a pedestrian-only promenade, hoping to complete the project in time to celebrate the 2015 centennial of the Exposition. However, the plan was challenged in court and was overturned by a judge on February 4, 2013, on the grounds that the city had not followed its own Municipal Code requirements in approving it.</p><br>
<h2>California Building and Tower</h2><br>
<p>The California Building with its ornate facade and blue-and-gold dome, together with the adjoining California Tower, are among the most recognizable landmarks in San Diego. They house the San Diego Museum of Man. The design and ornamentation combine many style elements including Gothic, Plateresque, Baroque, Churrigueresque, and Rococo to create the impression of a Spanish Colonial church. The dome&#39;s design looked to the dome at the Church of Santa Prisca and San Sebastián in Taxco, Mexico. The great central dome is encircled with the inscription "Terram Frumenti Hordei, ac Vinarum, in qua Ficus et Malogranata et Oliveta Nascuntur, Terram Olei ac Mellis", (A land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig-trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil olive, and honey), (Deuteronomy 8:8 taken from the Vulgate of St. Jerome), as well as the California motto, "Eureka".</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s facade features stone ornamentation as well as many historical figures and busts sculpted from modeling clay and plaster, depicting prominent people from California, England, Mexico, and Spain. These include Junípero Serra, Philip III of Spain, Sebastián Vizcaíno, George Vancouver, Luís Jayme, Carlos III of Spain, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, Gaspar de Portolà, and Antonio de la Ascención. The facade also features the shield of the United States and the coats of arms of California and Mexico.</p><br>
<p>The California Tower is 198 ft tall and is open for public tours as of January 1, 2015. The towers design is Spanish while the details and color are Mexican in style. The tower is composed of three tiers that shift from a quadrangle to an octagon and then a circle. There is a Maas-Rowe carillon in the tower, first installed in 1946 and replaced in 1967. The carillon can be heard throughout the park. It plays the Westminster Chimes every quarter-hour, and a resident carilloneur plays three songs at noon every day. The tower has been described as "San Diegos Icon," the most photographed and best-known landmark in San Diego.</p><br>
<p>The State of California paid the $250,000 cost to develop the California Building and Tower for the 1915 Exposition. Although California owned the building, it was turned over to the San Diego government in 1926. During the Exposition the California Building was the home of the Expo&#39;s theme exhibit, an anthropological display called "The Story of Man through the Ages." After the Expo ended, the exhibit was retained and expanded, eventually becoming the San Diego Museum of Man.</p><br>
<h2>Fine Arts Building</h2><br>
<p>On the south side of the Quadrangle is the fair&#39;s original Fine Arts Building (not to be confused with the Fine Arts Gallery, which opened in 1926 and is now the San Diego Museum of Art). The building is now used by the San Diego Museum of Man. It houses a banquet hall called Evernham Hall, and is also used for temporary exhibits.</p><br>
<h2>St. Francis Chapel</h2><br>
<p>The St. Francis Chapel is a small chapel in Mission style, built to add a religious note to the Expo. The interior design is simple except for an elaborately decorated and gilded Spanish-style altar. To the right of the carved statue of Our Lady and Child is an effigy representing San Diego de Alcala, name-saint of the city, and to commemorate the early Jesuit missions in Arizona on the left is an unknown Jesuit saint.</p><br>
<h2>Administration Building</h2><br>
<p>Just outside the California Quadrangle, on the west, is the first building visitors encounter as they cross the Cabrillo Bridge and enter the El Prado Complex. This is the Administration Building. It was constructed in Balboa Park as the Panama-California Exposition Administration Building, completed in 1911 and designed by Irving Gill. Gill designed the building in his high style. This style is sometimes called Mission style, but that is an incorrect label as it bears very little resemblance to the California Missions. After Gill left the Exposition project, the design was augmented with the Bertram Goodhue style of Spanish Colonial ornamentation in an attempt to match the architectural theme of the rest of the Exposition. The building contained numerous large offices and an auditorium. It served as the planning and administrative headquarters for the 1915-16 Exposition, as well as a place for international receptions. During World War II it was used as a military hospital. For many years after that the building was vacant, and the city proposed to tear it down in 1978, but it was eventually restored in the 1990s (sans ornamentation) and turned over to the San Diego Museum of Man. Today it is known as the Gill Administration Building and houses the administrative offices of the Museum of Man. It is the only building still in Balboa park that bears Gill&#39;s signature style.</p><br>
<h2>Map</h2><br>
<p>This is a schematic map of the Panama-California Exposition as it appeared in its second year, 1916. The California Quadrangle is the blue area on the left side of the map.</p><br>
<p>The Christian and Sarah Knudsen House, at 123 S. Center St. in Lehi, Utah, was built in 1909. It is a substantial house whose architecture includes Late Victorian and Classical Revival elements. It is significant as a well-preserved artifact from the boom period in Lehi&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by/for Christian Knudsen, a successful stockman who was prominent in his industry and also known in the town for his philanthropy and for his service in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. While Knudsen and others made money from cattle, other wealth in Lehi derived from the Utah Sugar Company Factory based there; both industries benefited from the railroad which had first connected Lehi in 1872—the same year that Christian Knudsen, 15 years old, arrived with his family from Norway. The wealth and connection to the rest of the nation brought awareness of architectural styles, and many elaborate homes were built.</p><br>
<p>Knudsen married Sarah L. Otteson, of Spanish Fork in 1879 and they had 10 children. His Mormon church service included doing a mission that took him to Norway in 1896, and serving as head teacher in the Sunday school. According to the National Register nomination, the house was intended to stand until the Millennium. The Knudsens donated significantly to help build the Stake houses (Mormon administration offices) in Alpine, Lehi, and Provo.</p><br>
<p>The house is also of interest for serving, under the Knudsens, as a "halfway house for Scandinavian travelers on their way to and from Salt Lake City."</p><br>
<p>Much later, during World War II, the house served as a relocation center for four "Japanese" families. (Note that the Topaz War Relocation Center, one of 10 Japanese-American internment camps was located in rural area only about 110 miles away.) It was renovated into three apartments to help address Lehi&#39;s wartime housing shortage. Lehi was the location near to Camp Williams, the Geneva Steel Plant, and industry in the Salt Lake Valley.</p><br>
<p>The building was converted back to a single family house in 1964 and a restoration of the house began in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The restored home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>MINOS+ was a continuation of the MINOS experiment  to measure neutrino oscillation with improved electronics. It started taking data in 2013 and ran for 3 years. The experiment has ended and a 6-month dismantling project began in early October 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Physics Goals</h2><br>
<p>*Measure sin2θ and Δm with higher precision.</p><br>
<p>*Measure sin2 and Δ with higher precision.</p><br>
<p>*Study high energy neutrinos</p><br>
<p>*Search for sterile neutrinos</p><br>
<p>*Search for tau neutrinos</p><br>
<p>*Non-standard interactions</p><br>
<p>*Measurement of the neutrino time of flight</p><br>
<p>*Search for extra dimensions</p><br>
<p>*Atmospheric neutrinos</p><br>
<h2>Neutrino Beam</h2><br>
<p>MINOS+ uses the NuMI beamline generated at Fermilab. To produce the beamline, 120 GeV proton pulses from the Main Injector hit a water-cooled graphite target. The resulting interactions of protons with the target material produce pions and kaons, which are focused by a system of magnetic horns. These then travel down a long decay tunnel, and their decay produces a neutrino beam parallel to the meson beam. Most of these are muon neutrinos, with a small electron neutrino contamination. Neutrino interactions in the near detector are used to measure the initial neutrino flux and energy spectrum. Because they are weakly interacting and therefore usually pass through matter, the vast majority of the neutrinos travel through the near detector and the 734 km of rock, then through the far detector and off into space. For the initial 3-year run the NuMI beam will be in its medium energy configuration which will deliver the majority of neutrinos with an energy between 4 GeV and 10 GeV.</p><br>
<h2>Relationship with NOνA</h2><br>
<p>NOνA sits 14 milliradians off the central line of the NuMI beam. At this angle, there is an enhancement of neutrinos with an energy of 2 GeV, at which the L/E (baseline divided by energy) maximizes the oscillation of muon neutrinos. This causes a problem in that the signal you are looking for is a dip in a peak. MINOS+ sits on the central line of the beam so the full beam make up is seen, thus helping control systematic errors for the NuMI beam energy.</p><br>
<p>Lafayette&#39;s Quarters, also known as the Brookside Inn, is a historic home located on Wilson Road south-southeast of the intersection of Yellow Springs Road and Wilson Road in Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. This house is not opened to the public. The house was built in three sections, with the oldest dated to 1763. The center structure is dated to about 1837-1839, and the western section was added between 1882 and 1900. The oldest section is a 2 1/2-story, two bay by three bay, stuccoed stone structure with a gambrel roof. The center section is of stuccoed stone, three bays long and two bays wide. The western section is a frame structure. It was renovated in 1948. During the American Revolution the house served as headquarters for Major General Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette in late-1777 and early-1778, during the encampment at Valley Forge.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The David Havard House, also known as the Former Quarters of Lee and Bradford, is a historic home located near Valley Forge in Tredyffrin Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. During the American Revolutionary War, it served as quarters for several of George Washington&#39;s senior officers.</p><br>
<p>The original house was built about 1766, and is a -story, stuccoed stone structure. It has a rear wing. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>The homes of David Havard and two of his brothers were used as headquarters by officers serving under George Washington, during the encampment of Washington&#39;s army at Valley Forge from December 1777 through June 1778.</p><br>
<p>Upon the arrival of the Continental Army at Valley Forge, the David Havard House served as quarters for Colonel William Bradford and Colonel Elias Boudinot, who were brothers-in-law. Bradford&#39;s older brother Thomas, a captain, arrived in January 1778, and their father, Colonel William Bradford Sr., joined them in April 1778.</p><br>
<p>General Charles Lee, who had been held prisoner by the British in New York, first arrived in Valley Forge in April 1778, after Boudinot negotiated an exchange of prisoners. He took up residence in the David Havard House on May 21, 1778, and shortly afterward, the Bradfords moved elsewhere.</p><br>
<h2>Later uses</h2><br>
<p>Several generations of the Havard family occupied the house until it was purchased in 1881 by Alexander Cassatt, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, who turned the surrounding farmland into a 600-acre hunting preserve called Chesterbrook Farm, known for its racing stables.</p><br>
<p>The house, which still stands on Bradford Road in Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania, remains in use as the clubhouse for the Picket Post Swim and Tennis Club.</p><br>
<p>The Roman Theatre at Apamea  is a Roman theatre in ancient Apamea in northwestern Syria. Originally a Hellenistic theatre, the monumental structure was one of the largest theatres in the Roman world.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The theatre, along with the Roman Theatre at Ephesus, is one of the largest surviving theatres of the Roman world with a cavea diameter of 139 m and an estimated seating capacity in excess of 20,000. The only other known theatre that is considerably larger was the Theatre of Pompey in Rome, with a cavea diameter of approximately 156.8 m.</p><br>
<p>However, much of the theatre structure is in ruins due to architectural collapses and extensive quarrying in later epochs, and only one-eighth of the site has been exposed so far. Situated along the western end of the decumanus, The north facing stage facade stretched for 145 m.</p><br>
<p>One of the main features at the theatre is its water basin and the elaborate Roman piping system used in it. The recently excavated terracotta system is located along the eastern ground entrance and is well preserved.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The theatre was originally a Hellenistic theatre dating to the early Seleucid era. The Hellenistic theatre probably lies under the Roman structures of the ima cavea, media cavea, and the orchestra. The theatre was expanded and remodeled in the early Roman period, during the reign of either Julius Caesar, Augustus, or Tiberius. The theatre&#39;s main stage was remodeled and its entrances were reorganized in a more typical Roman fashion. The 115 Antioch earthquake caused severe damage to the structure. It was rebuilt soon-after under patronage from both Trajan and Hadrian. The theatre was further expanded in the first half of the third century CE.</p><br>
<p>Under the Byzantine Empire the theatre&#39;s drainage basin was restructured and a qanat was built through the middle of the lower stage. By the late Byzantine period the theatre had stopped serving as a center for theatrical performances. However, the theatre and its qanat continued to play an important role as a water resource during the Byzantine and Islamic periods.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The site has been heavily damaged through quarrying during the Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman eras. The first archaeological exploration of the site happened around the early 1930s by an American mission. Between 1931 and 1939 the site was excavated by a Belgian archaeological team from the University of Brussels. The team attempted to clear several parts of the site from architectural falls. However, all unpublished field notes and artefacts from the expedition were lost when the university was bombed during World War II. Exploration of the site was only resumed in the late 1960s. It was abandoned in 1971 by the Belgian mission due to the expensive and difficult nature of the work needed to clear the large theatre.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 a joint Syro-American team, from the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums and Brigham Young University, restarted the archaeological exploration of the site with a view to restoring and reconstructing the ancient theatre. The team&#39;s preliminary results were first published in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Southdown Plantation is a historic Southern plantation in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>Founding and early history</h2><br>
<p>Southdown Plantation was founded in 1828 by Stephen Minor, former secretary to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Manuel Gayoso de Lemos. The land had first been a Spanish land grant and was later owned by brothers Jim and Rezin Bowie, who began planting and harvesting indigo there. Minor purchased the land, approximately 1,020 acres, together with James Dinsmore. In 1831, sugarcane became the principle crop, and the first sugar mill was built in 1846. By 1852, Southdown was home to 233 slaves, most of whom lived in family units on the property.</p><br>
<p>The first plantation house was built by Minor&#39;s son, William J. Minor, in 1858, and was named for a breed of sheep that the family raised. The house was built of hand-fired brick and wood from cypress and pine trees that grow in the area.</p><br>
<p>The original one-story brick home was expanded in 1893, when a second story and Virginia style colonnaded walkways were added. In the same year, Favrile glass panels depicting the plantation, palmetto leaves, magnolia branches, and sugar cane stalks were installed in the house. The plantation consisted of over 10,000 acres of sugar cane fields, a sugar mill, and a race track. Southdown Plantation was instrumental in launching and sustaining the sugar industry in the area, ensuring the survival of the crop by developing a variety of sugar cane that was resistant to mosaic disease.</p><br>
<p>The Minor family was known for frequently entertaining guests and hosting many extravagant balls and receptions.</p><br>
<h2>Modern era</h2><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, the Minor family lost ownership of the house. In 1979, the Southdown sugar mill was closed, and its parts were shipped to and reassembled in Guatemala, where it continued operation. It was the last of the 86 sugar mills that had operated in Terrebonne Parish during the sugar boom of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1974, the plantation was added to the National Register of Historic places, and in the following year, the property was donated to the Terrebonne Historical and Cultural Society by Valhi, Incorporated, a subsidiary of Southdown Sugar. While the plantation house was being renovated, the original 1893 pink and green paint scheme was discovered and restored to the walls. On June 27, 1982, the plantation house and servants&#39; quarters were open to the public as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The Prospect Park Water Tower, sometimes referred to as the "Witchs Hat Water Tower" or just "The Tower", is a historic water tower in the Prospect Park neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1913 on Tower Hill Park, a hilltop park established in 1906. The water tower has become the neighborhoods architectural mascot for its singular design by Frederick William Cappelen. The tower is rumored to be the inspiration for Bob Dylans song "All Along the Watchtower," as the tower was clearly visible from Dylans home in nearby Dinkytown.</p><br>
<p>The park and water tower were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 for having local significance in the themes of architecture, community planning and development, and engineering. It was nominated for its associations with city planning, urban infrastructure, architectural eclecticism, and the work of architect Frederick William Cappelen. In 2015 they were also listed as contributing properties to the Prospect Park Residential Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Erected in 1913 on Tower Hill, one of the highest points in Minneapolis, the tower was built to increase water pressure in the area and thereby enhance firefighting efforts. The functional structure, however, was given a whimsical appearance by city engineer Frederick William Cappelen. To the delight of generations of Minnesotans to come, he topped the building with a fanciful brimmed "hat" of green ceramic tile, and hence its nickname was born.</p><br>
<p>Tower Hill and the Prospect Park neighborhood have enjoyed a love affair of sorts over the years. From the beginning, the tower and surrounding parkland attracted neighbors, young and old, who picnicked under shade trees in summer and sledded down the hills icy slopes in winter. The towers observation deck provided spectacular views of the Minneapolis and St. Paul skylines, and the building itself inspired many artists who captured its one-of-a-kind profile in charcoal and watercolor. More than once over the years it has also galvanized neighborhood pride and determination on its own behalf.</p><br>
<p>The Prospect Park Water Tower ceased to function as a water tower in 1952, but it remained an esteemed neighborhood symbol. In 1955 when the city announced plans to demolish the tower following a lightning strike, the community mobilized. "Spurred on by eleven members of the Prospect Park Blue Birds (a junior organization of the Campfire Girls)," neighbors fought city hall and saved their tower.</p><br>
<p>Since the late 20th century, the observation deck is open only one day a year, which is celebrated with an ice-cream social.</p><br>
<p>Ta Cu Mount  is a mountain located off of national route 1A in the town of Thuận Nam, Hàm Thuận Nam District. Ta Cu Mountain is 28 km west of Phan Thiết city, in Bình Thuận Province, Nam Trung Bộ, Vietnam. The average temperature at the summit ranges from around 18 to 22 °C. There is a path from the foot of the mountain to the summit, a distance of 2290 meters. An alternate more popular route up the side of the mountain is via a 1600 meter-long Austrian aerial tram. At the height of 563 meters, there are two pagodas: the Upper Pagoda  and the Lower Pagoda . However, the mountain is most famous as the site of the statue of the reclining Gautama Buddha, which at 49 meters in length is the largest reclining Buddha in Southeast Asia. The statue of the Buddha is an additional 300 steps from the top of the tram.</p><br>
<p>From the top of the mountain, there is a spectacular view of the dragon fruit farms and rice paddies below.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s and 1880s, a Buddhist month named Tran Huu Duc led a group of Buddhist faithful in the construction of the Linh Son Truong Tho Pagoda. After his death in 1997, a group of his followers built the lower Long Doan Pagoda. Then in 1958, a man named Truong Dinh Tri began construction of the 49 meter-long, seven meter-high reclining Buddha, as well as three additional smaller Buddha statues.</p><br>
<p>There is a cave near the statues which has been named the Forefathers Cave. At the bottom of the cave is a small stream, which disappears into the cave floor. It is inside this cave that Tran Huu Duc spent much of his time in meditation.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Rye House is a historic summer estate property at 122-132 Old Mount Tom Rd. in Litchfield, Connecticut. Developed in 1910 for a wealthy New York City widow, it is a prominent local example of Tudor Revival architecture, and a major example of the trend of country estate development in the region. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Rye House is located in Litchfields Bantam borough, at the northwest corner of Old Mount Tom Road and Old Forge Hollow Road. The estate includes the main house, a gardeners cottage, landscaped gardens surrounding the house, and other amenities. The main house is a large 2-1/2 story stone structure, built out of stone that has been stuccoed except for rustic corner quoining. To the west of the house is a formally landscaped garden area, and a lawn extends south toward Old Mount Tom Road, where the property is fringed by trees.</p><br>
<p>The estate was developed on what was previously farmland by Isabella Douglass Curtis, the widow of a wealthy New York City banker who died in 1895. She named the property in memory of her previous estate in Rye, New York. The house was designed by architect Wilson Eyre, and was completed in 1910; the gardener&#39;s cottage was designed by Wilder and White and was built the following year. The property was prominently marketed by Eyre as a showcase, appearing in a writeup in American Architect in 1911, and meeting most of the conditions laid out in his 1908 article "The Planning of Country Houses". Mrs Curtis lived here year-round with her son until the 1930s, when financial reverses forced them to sell it.</p><br>
<p>Recent owners have included actress and model Karen Kopins Shaw, Miss Connecticut 1977. and Anderson Cooper and his partner, Benjamin Maisani, who were reported to buy it in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The ruin of Tabley Old Hall  is located on an island surrounded by a moat in the civil parish of Tabley Inferior, about 1.5 mi to the west of Knutsford, Cheshire, England. The ruin is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building, and the moated site on which it stands is a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<h2>Older history</h2><br>
<h3>Before the new house</h3><br>
<p>The hall is the ancestral home of the Leicester (or Leycester) family of Tabley. The estate of Nether Tabley was acquired in the 13th century by the marriage of Sir Nicholas de Leycester (who died in 1295) to Margaret de Dutton. The first house on the site was a timber-framed hall built by John Leycester, who died in 1398. This consisted of an open great hall, with a screens passage, and a two-storey domestic wing. During the 16th century Adam de Leycester made alterations to the house, and built a half-timbered gatehouse to the bridge crossing the moat. His descendent Peter Leicester (1588–1647) married in 1611 and, to celebrate it, installed in the great hall a large, highly-decorated, carved chimney-piece, which was dated 1619. The carvings consists of heraldry, and of figures including terms, a merman, a mermaid, a naked child holding an hourglass, an owl, and a dove. Peter Leicesters son, the historian Sir Peter Leycester (1614–78), altered and extended the house between 1656 and 1671. The main alterations were to the east front. This was extended forwards in brick, with projecting wings on each side, giving the house an E-shaped façade. It had a battlemented parapet below which were oculi. The latter gave the appearance of a two-storey façade, although the oculi looked only into the roof space. The house had a central entrance porch, with an archway flanked by Ionic columns decorated with lions sejant. The doorway from the porch leads into the former screens passage. The back of the hall was left untouched at this time. Alterations to the interior included re-panelling the great hall, adding an impressive staircase, and creating a study for Sir Peters collection of over 1,300 books. Between 1674 and 1678 Sir Peter also built St Peters Chapel alongside the hall. During the 18th century the house was extended further by Sir Francis Leicester (1674–1742); this included increasing the servants quarters. He also added another wing incorporating a new library (Sir Peter&#39;s old study was preserved), and a nursery. Stained glass portraits of English monarchs were inserted into the large window in the great hall.</p><br>
<p>Sir Francis had only one child, a daughter called Meriel (1705–40). Her first marriage was to a member of the Legh family of Lyme Park, with whom she had one child, a daughter. In 1728 she married Sir John Byrne of Timogue, Ireland. After the death of Sir Francis, the Tabley estate was inherited by Meriels oldest son by her second marriage, Sir Peter Byrne (1732–70), who changed his surname to Leicester in order to inherit the estate under the terms of Sir Francis will. Sir Peter wanted to demolish the old hall and build a new house, using the material from the old house for stables and outbuildings. However he was prevented so doing by the terms of Sir Francis will, which obliged his heirs to maintain the hall in good order; otherwise they would forfeit the inheritance. Sir Peters response was to build a completely new house about 700 metres away, which is the present Tabley House. This house was designed by John Carr in Palladian style. The family moved into the new house in 1767.</p><br>
<h3>After the new house</h3><br>
<p>The newer additions to the old hall were then removed, returning it to its 17th-century plan, and it was initially used as a farmhouse. In the 19th century, when under the care of George Warren, 2nd Baron de Tabley (1811–87), its structural condition was maintained, and it continued to be furnished with old furniture. Retired employees of the family lived in the house, and kept an eye on the familys children who used it as a playhouse. Following the weddings of two of Lord de Tableys daughters in the 1860s, celebratory balls were held in the hall. When the Cheshire Yeomanry met on the estate, the officers dined in the new house, while the other ranks used the old hall. The old hall was also used to host tours demonstrating the history of the family. From the 1870s, Lord de Tabley kept his collection of historical objects and curiosities in the great hall, creating it into a museum. He also used the old hall as a lending library for local residents. His heir, John Warren, 3rd Baron de Tabley (1835–95), lived for most of the time in London rather than at Tabley, and visited only occasionally. His employees continued to live in the old hall, and he dined there each year at the time of the annual audit. He allowed the general public to walk through the grounds if they attended services at the chapel, and also gave permission for groups and organisations to use the hall for meetings and events. When Lord de Tabley&#39;s sister, Eleanor, Lady Leighton Warren (1841–1914) inherited the estate, she did not continue this custom. Wishing for more privacy, she closed the park to public access, and greatly reduced the number of visitors to the old hall.</p><br>
<p>After Lady Leighton Warrens death, her son Cuthbert (1877–1954) closed the old hall at the outbreak of the First World War. By this time the area around the hall had started to suffer from subsidence due to the extraction of brine from the Cheshire salt deposits. Nevertheless the hall reopened in 1916, apparently in a reasonable structural condition. By 1924 a buttress had been built to support one of the walls. In 1927 members of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society toured the building. The condition of the old hall then continued to deteriorate because of the subsidence. The chapel was also at risk, and it was taken down and rebuilt at the side of Tabley House, being re-consecrated on its new site in 1929. Attempts were made to sell the fabric of the old hall for rebuilding it on a different site, but these were unsuccessful. The family then decided to sell the contents of the hall, including items from Sir Peters book collection. Other items were moved into the new house and its outbuildings, in particular into the room connecting the new house with the rebuilt chapel, which became known as the Old Hall Room. These items included the carved chimney-piece and the stained glass depictions of English monarchs.</p><br>
<h2>Later history and present day</h2><br>
<p>The condition of the old hall fabric remaining after the Second World War continued to deteriorate. As of 2012 the building was described as leaning badly and being covered in ivy; "Sir Peter Leicester&#39;s new façade from 1671 just about survives". The last member of the family, Colonel John Leicester Warren, died in 1975. He bequeathed the estate to the National Trust and, failing that, to a charity to be chosen by his executors. The National Trust refused the bequest, and the estate was acquired by the University of Manchester. In 2007 the estate, other than Tabley House itself and its pleasure gardens, was bought by the Crown Estate; this included the site of the old hall and its remains.</p><br>
<p>The old hall was designated as a Grade II* listed building on 3 September 1984. The citation relating to this describes it as being the partial survival of the E-shaped front of a derelict house. The old hall is included in the Heritage at Risk Register of English Heritage, its condition being described as "very bad".</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>According to legend, the bodies of a husband and wife were walled up inside the house. It is said that the man was killed in a duel, and the woman later committed suicide. Their ghosts were sometimes reported, leaning over a balustrade in the house.</p><br>
<p>The Barenberg, also called the Bärenberg or Bärenkopf, is a mountain, in the Harz Mountains of Germany near the village of Schierke, Harz county, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Barenberg rises in the Upper Harz (High Harz) within the Harz/Saxony-Anhalt Nature Park. It lies around 1.3 km south-southeast of Schierke, a village on the Kalte Bode stream in the borough of Wernigerode, and about 1.5 km northwest of Elend on the same river, a village in the borough of Oberharz am Brocken.</p><br>
<p>Towards the northwest the forested country of the Barenberg runs west past Schierke to the Brocken, the highest mountain in the Harz. Its neighbouring peak to the north-northeast on the other side of Schierke is the rather higher Erdbeerkopf, a spur of the Hohnekamm ridge. To the south-southeast lies the Rauher Jakob and, to the west-northwest is the mountain cluster of the Wurmberg, Großer Winterberg und Kleiner Winterberg.</p><br>
<p>On or near the mountain are several granite tors: the Schnarcherklippen (west-northwest), the Mäuseklippe (northwest) and the Scherstorklippen (west-southwest).</p><br>
<p>Towards the northeast, east and southeast the countryside around the Barenberg drops into the Elend valley (Elendstal), rimmed by tors and designated as a nature reserve (NSG No. 162919) with its river, the Kalte Bode, which flows 181.1 metres below the summit at a survey point between Schierke and Elend.</p><br>
<h2>Walking and viewing points</h2><br>
<p>The Barenberg can only be reached on forest tracks and hiking trails, for example from Schierke or Elend.</p><br>
<p>About 450 metres south-southeast of the summit lies the viewing point called the Aussichtskanzel am Barenberg ("Observation pulpit on the Barenberg") ca. 51&deg;45&prime;1.15&Prime;N latitude, 10&deg;40&prime;30.96&Prime;E longitude), which i</p><br>
<p>s checkpoint no. 20 in the Harzer Wandernadel hiking system and, for example, can be reached on a steep descent from the summit. From the viewing point the view ranges over Schierke, the Elend valley, Elend itself, the Erdbeerkopf and the Hohnekamm on the far side and the Hohneklippen tor. A castle, the Elendsburg, once stood in the Elend valley east of the viewing point.</p><br>
<p>The Caves of Caiplie, Caplawchy or Caiplie Coves, known locally as The Coves are a cave system on the Fife Coastal path between Anstruther and Crail in Scotland. The Caves were the site of early Christian worship, after this they were used by farmers to house livestock and included a doocot for housing pigeons , the caves are thought to have been abandoned since c180.</p><br>
<h2>The Cave System</h2><br>
<p>Chapel Cave is the largest cave in the system, it was described by David Hay Fleming in his book Guide to the East Neuk of Fife as having "a lofty roof" while also noting that it "measures fully forty feet from its mouth to the pointed recess at the inner end." While the cave has been created naturally due to the waves eroding the stone, it has been made bigger by people.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The word cove in Scots means cave. The caves were all constructed by the sea eroding away the sandstone with a selection of the larger caves also being carved by the various groups of humans who have occupied the caves at various points in time.</p><br>
<h2>Human occupants</h2><br>
<p>The caves were first used for worship in the ninth century by Christians. In Chapel Cave there are a number of incised crosses which had been added at varying time periods. Holes had also been cut in pairs in the rock which is believed to have been used for passing ropes through. The floor of the cave was formerly clay and excavations in the nineteenth century recovered human remains beneath the floor. Harmit&#39;s Well is the easternmost of the Caves of Caiplie and it is named this because for several months just prior to World War II it was used by a hermit as his dwelling, the fixing points for his door and window can still be seen embedded in the natural sandstone walls.</p><br>
<h2>Views</h2><br>
<p>From the caves you are offered views of the May Island, a nature reserve that can be travelled to by boat from Anstruther, and the Bass Rock. In the morning and night you get a spectacular view of the sunrise and sun set. To the left of the caves you can see along to Kilrenny and Cellardyke and to the right you can see Crail, a small fishing village.</p><br>
<h2>Animal Life</h2><br>
<p>The fields around Caiplie Caves are home to a whole variety of livestock such as goats, cows and pigs. On occasion you can see Puffins on the may isle or even seals. The caves are home to different species of bats.</p><br>
<p>Phou Pha Thi  is a "sacred mountain" in Laos "believed...inhabited by great "phi", or spirits and used for the clandestine Lima Site 85 military installation during the Vietnam War. The installation was defeated in the 10-11 March 1968 Battle of Lima Site 85. From 1994-2004, searches for USAF remains were successfully conducted at the mountain. The mountain is "100 miles south of Dien Bien Phu, 160 miles west of Hanoi, and just 25 miles from the capital of Samneua". The site had been used as a military site by French colonialists until seized by the North Vietnamese in 1962, and the Hmong "Secret Army" recaptured the area and a Central Intelligence Agency airstrip was built by 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>"Pha-thi mountain...runs from north of the Huoi-san stream to south of the Nam-het River, a distance of about 7,000 meters. It is the highest peak in the region.... All four sides of the karst are sheer cliffs that are between 50 and 200 meters high... From about mid-way between the base and the summit of the mountain, the sides were formed by 75° to 80° cliffs, and in some spots 85° to 90° cliffs."</p><br>
<p>"The peak of Pha-thi mountain is at least 3-4 kilometers from the surrounding peaks... To the north and northeast is the 1392 meters high Phu-hin-he ridge. To the south is the 1148 meter Kha-moun. To the east are the 1425 meter Phu-bao ridge, the 1223 meter Phu-hin-sa ridge, and the 1442 meter Phu-den-dinh ridge. To the south and southeast are the 1586 meter Phu-huoi-hao ridge and the 1225 meter Phu-huoi-na ridge. To the west and southwest are high points 1443, 1088, 1052, 1148, and 1007" (Do Chi Ben, 1996).</p><br>
<p>Middle Hill is a hill in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located at the northern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. It figured prominently in the early history of the 1704 siege of Gibraltar by the Spanish and French. The artillery battery at Middle Hill had been constructed by 1727 and was active for more than two centuries. In the mid twentieth century, Middle Hill transitioned to use as an aerial farm for the Ministry of Defence. The radio farm was refurbished in 1958. About 1970, the Princess Caroline&#39;s Battery Group of Barbary macaques were moved to Middle Hill, where they were provisioned at a group of derelict buildings that were part of the battery complex. In 2005, much of Middle Hill was transferred from the Ministry of Defence to the Government of Gibraltar, and is now managed by the Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Middle Hill is in Gibraltar, the British Overseas Territory at the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula. The hill is located at the northern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. The roads on Middle Hill include Rock Gun Road, Signal Station Road, Middle Hill Road (also known as Middle Hill Nature Trail), and Greens Lodge Road (alternately referred to as Greens Lodge Nature Trail).</p><br>
<p>Following the capture of Gibraltar in August 1704, another siege was attempted later that year. Approximately 500 Spanish soldiers, led by a goat herder, scaled the Rock of Gibraltar from the south side and made it to St. Michaels Cave, where they stayed the first night. The next night, they climbed the Charles V Wall and killed a guard at Middle Hill. The Spaniards then assisted several hundred more Spanish soldiers up the Rock with ropes and ladders. However, they were discovered and many were killed or sent over a precipice, the Wolfs Leap, with the rest taken prisoner. By 1727, Middle Hill Battery had been constructed and a gun had been mounted; the emplacement continued to be used and upgraded for more than two centuries.</p><br>
<p>In October 1779, construction of a road for carriages was begun at Middle Hill. Its purpose initially was to permit the transport of a gun to the planned Rock Gun Battery. However, the battery was completed prior to the road. Later that month, 24-pounder guns were brought to Middle Hill, in preparation for the construction of a new battery below Rock Gun Battery. On the 31 October 1779, the new battery was completed and was named the Royal Battery.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In the 1950s, Middle Hill served as an aerial farm for the Ministry of Defence. In 1958, the radio farm was refurbished by the Radio Engineering Unit of RAF Henlow, and multiple buildings were constructed. On 15 December 1969, Corporal Dennis Bowes, an aerial erector at RAF Gibraltar, died in a rock fall while working at the aerial farm on Middle Hill.</p><br>
<p>For a century, there were two primary groups of Barbary macaques in Gibraltar. One was established at Apes Den, previously known as Queens Gate, and the other at Princess Carolines Battery. By 1946, both populations were fed by the Garrison. About 1970, the Princess Carolines Battery Group moved to Middle Hill. However, illegal provisioning resulted in splitting of the Apes&#39; Den population, such that by 2004, there were six groups in the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. In Gibraltar, Middle Hill Group has at least two different meanings. In one case, it refers to the apes who are provisioned at a group of derelict buildings just southeast of Middle Hill Battery. In the other instance, it is a reference to a group of buildings which perches on the cliff, just east of the battery. Numerous military buildings are now scattered across Middle Hill.</p><br>
<p>For decades, Middle Hill was a Ministry of Defence site, where members of the public were excluded and unauthorised entry was considered a criminal offence. In an agreement signed on 20 April 2004, much of the land at Middle Hill was transferred from the Ministry of Defence to the Government of Gibraltar in April 2005. Accordingly, Ministry of Defence personnel left Middle Hill and most of their equipment was removed. As the MOD no longer owned the site, their management of it, including maintenance, concluded. Despite the transfer of the property to the government, it was a year and a half before the Government of Gibraltar assumed responsibility for Middle Hill. During that time, there was extensive vandalism. In addition, public safety became an issue, as a number of areas on the site were dangerous. The Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society, which now manages the area, put forth an Upper Rock Management Plan, in which the organisation included recommendations for Middle Hill. The proposal for Middle Hill included the recommendation that it be named a biological reserve with access to the public only on a prearranged basis.</p><br>
<p>Burton Fleming is an Iron Age archaeological site from the Arras culture of East Yorkshire.</p><br>
<p>The site is named from the parish of Burton Fleming within which the Iron Age cemetery lies, and is closely associated with the Iron Age barrows at Rudston (the nearest parish).</p><br>
<p>The archaeological remains consist of 22 burials on the Argam Lane site and 42 at the Bell Slack site.</p><br>
<h2>Argam Lane</h2><br>
<p>In 1972, 22 square-barrows were excavated. All had central graves into which the human remains were placed and lacked secondary burials either in the barrow or the associated ditches. Nineteen graves were arranged in two rows, with the remaining three to one side.</p><br>
<p>The skeletal remains were all found crouched or contracted, with the majority aligned on a north-south axis. Grave goods were variable, but where they appeared consisted of ceramic vessels, copper-alloy or iron brooches, or sheep bones. A single shale bracelet was found on the forearm of one female skeleton.</p><br>
<h2>Bell Slack</h2><br>
<p>Excavation of a droveway in 1977 associated with a Romano-British settlement crossed two groups of square-barrows, some 400 metres apart. The 42 burials were excavated in 1978, but were already partly disturbed by later Romano-British ditches and landscape features.</p><br>
<p>Most skeletal remains were found crouched or contracted, but several were extended. Grave goods were variable, but where they appeared consisted of ceramic vessels, copper-alloy or iron brooches, pig or sheep bones. One male skeleton was found with an iron knife and iron spearhead. One grave contained two skeletons, one adult female and an adolescent of indeterminate age, and a variety of copper-alloy dress accessories including beads, a brooch and a shale ring.</p><br>
<p>The Duvensee archaeological sites  are a series of early Mesolithic archaeological sites that are located within the Duvensee bog near Duvensee in Schleswig Holstein, Germany. The bog is one of the oldest and well-researched archaeological settlement areas from the early Holocene in Central Europe. The archaeological sites are renowned for their well-preserved organic remains and are of great importance in understanding the subsistence and settlement strategies of post-glacial hunter-gatherer societies. Recent research has explored the Duvensee societies&#39; diet and land use patterns in relation to the evolution of modern lifestyles and nutrition.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Duvensee bog is located at the edge of the Duvensee municipality in the Herzogtum Lauenburg district in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. The bog formed from a paludifying lake that originated as a kettle hole during the early pre-boreal and once covered an area of more than 4 square kilometres. Siltation set in during the late pre-boreal and the lake was (intentionally) drained in its entirety during the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The north-western banks of the lake served as areas for human activity during the early Mesolithic. On two peninsulas the remains of small to medium-sized sites in close vicinity to one another were found.</p><br>
<p>With increasing paludification, which is thought to have set in during the periods of occupation, the sites were covered and protected by thick layers of peat and survive in excellent condition. Due to increased peat harvesting during the 19th and 20th centuries, the as yet unexcavated portions are now close to the surface and no longer protected by this natural cover.</p><br>
<h2>Chronometric Dates</h2><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dates place the period of most intensive settlement firmly into the early Mesolithic. Using the calpal software, the Radiocarbon dates can be calibrated and expressed in calendar years, a convention followed here. Based on these results, the earliest living sites (Wp8 and Wp9) date to the late pre-boreal approximately 11,000 years ago. Wp19 is the youngest of the sites and dates to about 8,500 years ago. This is followed by a long settlement hiatus that lasted until during the Neolithic (Einzelgrabkultur).</p><br>
<p>An alternative approach, pollen analysis, has placed plant remains from the sites into to the late pre-boral, boreal and Atlantic.</p><br>
<h2>History of Research</h2><br>
<p>The current investigations of the Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution MONREPOS of the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum builds upon a long history of excavation and research.</p><br>
<p>Stone tools and other markers of settlement activity were discovered in 1924 and due to the supposed “living floor” characteristics of some of the sites, the excavator Gustav Schwantes interpreted the sites as dwelling sites (Wohnplätze). Irrespective of the current interpretation of the sites as ephemeral hazel nut roasting camps, German archaeological discourse continues to refer to the sites as “Wohnplätze”. Each individual site is designated as Wp (Wohnplatz) and a running number (e.g. Wp1, Wp2, Wp3...). Due to the excellent preservation and unusual find categories, the materials form Duvensee were quickly described as part of their own archaeological culture – the Duvensee Kultur or Duvensee-Gruppen. The finds from the 1924 excavations were recently re-analysed.</p><br>
<p>Already during those early campaigns thick layers of hazelnut shells were discovered in all dwelling sites. These were positioned around central hearths that were used in hazelnut roasting.</p><br>
<p>The Research history of research at Duvensee was strongly influenced by the work of Klaus Bokelmann, who worked extensively with the materials found at Duvensee. To date, 12 “living sites” have been excavated. More recently, research has focused on Wp6, Wp8 and Wp9 to investigate the subsistence, spatial use and technological aspects of the Duvensee culture.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Finds</h2><br>
<p>Protected by the waterlogged peat deposits, a wealth of organic remains survives in excellent condition:</p><br>
<p>The Duvensee paddle made from pine wood was found in Wp2 and is among the oldest direct evidence for water transport</p><br>
<p>Pine and birch bark mats of up to 5 square metres in size were discovered at several sites (Wp 8, Wp11, Wp13 and Wp19) in association with hearths and roasting fires. They may have served as insulation against the dampness emanating from the bog.</p><br>
<p>Two arrow shafts made from hazel and pine wood were discovered at Wp6</p><br>
<p>An axe shaft made from pine wood preserves evidence for the preparation of shafts of Mesolithic axes (tranchet axe and core axe)</p><br>
<p>Bone points with fine serrations have been placed into their own regional type or industry (“Typ Duvensee”)</p><br>
<p>However, the majority of finds are lithic tools and by-products of their production made from flint. These form the basis for technological and spatial analyses at the site. The paddle and all finds from Wp1 through Wp5 are curated at the Archaeological Museum Hamburg, whilst all other finds are stored at the Archäologisches Landesmuseum Schleswig.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement patterns at Duvensee</h2><br>
<p>The sites are currently thought to represent specialised storage camps of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups at which large quantities of hazelnuts were processed. Duvensee lake was visited for approximately two weeks per year during late summer or early autumn in order to harvest and process hazelnuts. The archaeological evidence implies evidence for cracking, roasting and grinding of hazelnuts as well as extensive production of stone tools. There is no evidence that the sites served as actual living structures or longer-term settlements - spatial analyses indicate that nut processing activities took place in the open.</p><br>
<h2>Hazelnut utilisation</h2><br>
<p>Based on the structures, tools and nut remains at Duvensee it was possible to 1) demonstrate the importance of stored plant foods in Mesolithic economies and 2) to quantify the extent to which such activities were carried out. The structures, hazelnut shells and stone tools show that fat-rich nuts were harvested in large numbers and processed into transportable and storable supplies.</p><br>
<p>Nut shells and seeds: Remains of nut shells and seeds were recovered from almost all sites where, at times, they formed entire layers. Together with roasting hearths they form a recurring feature at Duvensee. In addition to hazelnuts, there is also evidence for the processing of other plants as well. Burned seeds of Nuphar lutea (yellow water-lilly) and genus Typha (bulrush) were recovered from the hearth of Wp6, whilst Wp5 yielded a substantial amount of Polygonum convolvulus (black-bindweed) seed.</p><br>
<p>Roasting hearths: Almost all sites exhibit structures that were used to roast hazel nuts. At these special hearths, large quantities of sand were heated in order to roast the nuts. The construction of these facilities required a large number of materials and good logistical coordination. Several hundreds of litres of sand had to be transported to the roasting site. Protective undercovers in form of bark mats (see special finds above) at Wp8 and the setting-up of wooden frames around the roasting sites (Wp6) are evident at Duvensee. Alternatively, nuts were roasted on heated clay plates (Wp11).</p><br>
<p>Nutcrackers: These are heavy sandstone or Quartzite pebbles with round hollows with which nuts were cracked. Some pieces also show features diagnostic of grinding, indicating further processing of the roasted nuts into nut flour. At the roughly contemporary site Fon del Ros in Spain, it was possible to identify starch residues from nut flour on such nut crackers.</p><br>
<p>Modelling the utilisation of hazel nuts: The extent of hazel nut provisions obtained and produced at Duvensee can be modelled from the amount of shell found at the sites, time invested in harvesting and processing and yield capacity of early Holocene hazel nut plants. Models show the economic importance of hazel nuts, which may have met up to 50% of the energy requirements of the hunter gatherer groups. The margin of return is very high and even surpasses the yields obtained during plant cultivation.</p><br>
<p>The intensive exploitation of energy-rich plant foods had far reaching implications for the subsistence and survival strategies of Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups. This innovative type of economy is a characteristic of the Mesolithic and hints at the development of plant cultivation with the onset of the Neolithic.</p><br>
<h2>GIS-Analyses</h2><br>
<p>Comparative analyses of settlement dynamics were conducted at Wp6 and Wp8. These analyses are based on the three-dimensional distribution of lithic artefacts and refits, as well as geo-statistical investigations, such as Kriging of find layer thickness.</p><br>
<p>These analyses show almost 1000 years of repeated occupations that revolved around roasting of hazel nuts, the primary function of the sites. The analyses also indicate that periods of occupation were short and that each site represents a single occupation.</p><br>
<h2>Technology and lithic typologies</h2><br>
<p>Technological and typological analyses of stone tools allow for a reconstruction of the manufacturing processes at Duvensee. At all sites, between 5,000 and 10,000 lithic artefacts were recovered. Local, low quality flint served as the primary raw material and was worked into irregularly shaped blades. The production of arrow points, so-called microliths, and associated maintenance of hunting equipment was a major activity at all sites.</p><br>
<p>There are also a number of core- and disc axes, typically Mesolithic tool types that were used in wood processing.</p><br>
<p>Investigations of typological changes in lithic tool shape were also able to demonstrate different phases of development of Mesolithic traditions. As a result of the excellent chronological resolution and single occupation episodes, Duvensee serves as a references site for the categorization of other Mesolithic sites.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Bokelmann, K. 1999. Wohnen am Wasser – Lagerplätze am See. Archäologie in Deutschland 4:26-27.</p><br>
<p>Bokelmann, K. 2012. "Spade paddleing on a Mesolithic lake – Remarks on Preboreal and Boreal sites from Duvensee (Northern Germany)". A Mind Set on Flint: Studies in Honour of Dick Stapert (Elde: Barkhuis): 369–380.</p><br>
<p>Holst, D. 2008. Zur Entwicklung frühmesolithischer Artefaktproduktion: Handwerkliche Tradition und Landschaftsnutzung am Duvensee (Schleswig Holstein). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 4: 457-476.</p><br>
<p>Holst, D. 2009: Eine einzige Nuss rappelt nicht im Sacke. Subsistenzstrategien in der Mittelsteinzeit. In: Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte18: 11-38.</p><br>
<p>Holst, D. 2010: Hazelnut economy of early Holocene hunter-gatherers: a case study from Mesolithic Duvensee, northern Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2871-2880.</p><br>
<p>Holst, D. 2012. Duvensee - settlement behaviour in the early Mesolithic. In: S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, O. Jöris, M. Sensburg, M. Street, E. Turner (eds.), Site-internal spatial organization of hunter-gatherer societies: case studies from the European Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. Papers submitted at the session(C58) "Come in and find out: opening a new door into the analysis of hunter-gatherer social organisation and behaviour", held at the 15th U.I.S.P.P. conference in Lisbon, September 2006. Mainz, Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz.</p><br>
